Question 1

After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcer.
B)   discriminative stimulus.
C)   respondent behavior.
D)   cognitive map.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 2

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will

Accepted Answer

A)   soon give up asking for a treat entirely.
B)   come to ask for a treat only occasionally.
C)   continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
D)   ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 3

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Accepted Answer

A)   strengthens
B)   eliminates
C)   suppresses but does not eliminate
D)   has an unpredictable effect onE) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease; increase
B)   increase; decrease
C)   increase; increase
D)   have no effect on; decreaseE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   secondary reinforcer.
B)   neutral stimulus.
C)   negative reinforcer.
D)   unconditioned stimulus.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 6

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Accepted Answer

A)   John B. Watson.
B)   B. F. Skinner.
C)   Albert Bandura.
D)   Ivan Pavlov.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   respondent behavior.
B)   immediate reinforcement.
C)   modeling.
D)   shaping.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 8

Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)   primary
B)   negative
C)   immediate
D)   partialE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 9

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

Accepted Answer

A)   immediately before
B)   immediately after
C)   at the same time as
D)   at least a half hour beforeE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 10

When Julie saw her brother being praised for cleaning his bedroom, she increasingly engaged in cleaning her own bedroom. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)   instinctive drift.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   vicarious reinforcement.
D)   intrinsic motivation.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Psychologists define learning as the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   adapting to the environment.
B)   responding to external stimuli.
C)   reinforcing behavioral responses.
D)   acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 12

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   John B. Watson
B)   Albert Bandura
C)   Ivan Pavlov
D)   B. F. SkinnerE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given

Accepted Answer

A)   in very small amounts.
B)   randomly.
C)   for successive approximations of a desired behavior.
D)   only some of the time.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to

Accepted Answer

A)   practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.
B)   practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.
C)   neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.
D)   preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Money is to food as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B)   secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
C)   discrimination; generalization
D)   partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcementE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 16

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   avoid the use of negative reinforcement to motivate effective study.
B)   reinforce effective study with primary rather than secondary reinforcers.
C)   reinforce effective study on a fixed-interval schedule.
D)   reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcement.
B)   cognitive processes.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   shaping.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 18

In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

Accepted Answer

A)   inherited predispositions.
B)   fear and greed.
C)   faulty child-rearing practices.
D)   a weak internalized conscience.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 19

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

Accepted Answer

A)   intrinsic motives.
B)   mirror neurons.
C)   extrinsic motives.
D)   cognitive maps.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed
B)   primary
C)   positive
D)   continuousE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Exam 7: Learning

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Psychologists define learning as the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Money is to food as ________ is to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When Julie saw her brother being praised for cleaning his bedroom, she increasingly engaged in cleaning her own bedroom. This best illustrates the impact of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Positive reinforcers the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers the rate of operant responding.

Correct Answer
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Money is to food as is to .

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